LEAP DATASET SUMMARY |
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CHINA
Dataset as Prepared for the East Asia Energy Futures/Asia Energy Security
Project |
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Printout
Prepared by: Lea Prince, Nautilus
Institute |
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Date
Prepared: 4/6/2004 |
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All
data were extracted from LEAP dataset (version "China", dated
03/08/2003) prepared as a part of the Asia Energy Security/East Asia Energy
Futures Project. LEAP dataset
prepared by the China EAEF Team: Mr. Guo Baolei, Professor Zhang Aling,
Professor Wang Yanjia, and Dr. Gu Alun.
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LEAP FUELS |
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Fuels Notes |
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Name |
Notes |
Reference 1 Author |
Reference 1 Year |
Reference 2 Author |
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Animal dejecta |
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Biogas |
Biogas
- A by-product of the fermentation of biomass, principally animal wastes, by
bacteria. It consists mainly of methane gas and carbon dioxide. (Adapted from
U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources:
energy content from Leach and Gowen, 1987; density not known; other data from
Pasztor and Kristoferson, 1987.
Net/gross heating value ratio assumed same as for wood. Fraction
oxidized assumed same as coal. |
Leach and Gowen
(1987) |
Pasztor and
Kristoferson (1987) |
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Biomass
(unspecified) |
Assumed
same as wood. |
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Briquette |
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Cleaned coal |
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Coke |
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Coke oven gas |
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Crude Oil |
Crude
Oil - Mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin,
yellow to black in color, of variable specific gravity and viscosity,
including crude mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals (shale,
bituminous sand, etc.). Data for
crude petroleum include lease (field) condense (separator liquids) which is
recovered from gaseous hydrocarbons in lease separation facilities. (Adapted
from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Energy
contents of crude oil vary. Default
values used in TED are for Saudi Arabian crude oil, the world's largest
producer. Additional values are shown
below (IEA, 1999) and detailed listings for most countries can be found in the IPCC Guidelines for
GHG Inventories (IPCC, 1996) (http://www.iea.org/ipcc/invs1.htm). |
Smith, K. (1987) |
EPA (1985) |
IEA (1999) |
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Diesel |
Diesel
oil (distillate fuel oil) - Light fuel oils distilled during the refining
process and used primarily for space heating, on-and-off highway diesel
engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural
machinery), and electric power generation. Included are products known as
No.1, No.2, and No.4 fuel oils, and No.1, No.2, and No.4 diesel fuels. No.2
fuel oil is used in atomizing-type burners for domestic heating or for
moderate commercial-industrial burner units. Diesel fuels are used in
compression-ignition engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and
Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross
heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990;
carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985; |
IPCC (1996) |
U.N. (1990) |
Grubb (1989) |
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Electricity |
All
data by definition. |
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Gasoline |
(Motor)
Gasoline - Light hydrocarbon oil used in positive ignition engines other than
aircraft, distilling between 35 and 200°C, and treated to reach a
sufficiently high octane number of generally between 80 and 100 RON.
Treatment may be by reforming, blending with an aromatic fraction, or the
addition of benzole or other
additives (such as tetraethyl lead).
Also known as petrol in the UK.
(Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy
Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction
oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density
from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from
EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. |
IPCC (1996) |
U.N. (1990) |
EPA (1985) |
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Geothermal |
Geothermal
energy - thermal or electrical power
produced from the thermal energy contained in the Earth. The use of
geothermal energy is based on the temperature difference between a mass of
buried rock and water and a mass of water (or air) at the Earth's surface.
The temperature difference thermodynamically allows the production of thermal
energy which is converted directly or indirectly to mechanical or electrical
energy.Geothermal gradients in the Earth generally range between 10 to 30
degrees centigrade/kilometer. The source of these gradients is from
conductive heat flow from the deep crust and mantle and from radioactive
decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium isotopes. Some granitic rocks in the
upper crust contain abnormally high concentrations of radioactive elements
resulting |
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Heat |
Heat
- Heat obtained from (a) combined heat and power (CHP) plants generating
electricity and useful heat in a signie installation; (b) district heating
(DH) plants and (c) nuclear power plants and geothermal sources. The heat may
be in the form of steam, hot water or hot air. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA,
1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: all data by
definition. |
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Heat |
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Heavy Oil |
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Hydro |
Hydropower
- Electricity generated by an electric power plant whose turbines are driven
by falling water. Includes energy
generated from large dams, run-of-river, microhydro and smaller
facilities.Sources: all data by definition. |
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Hydrogen |
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Kerosene |
Kerosene
- Medium oil distilling between 150 and 300°C; at least 65% in volume distils
at 250°C. Its specific gravity is around 0.80 and the flash point above 38°C.
It is used as an illuminant and as a fuel in certain types of spark-ignition
engines, such as those used for agricultural tractors and stationary engines.
Other names for this product are burning oil, vaporizing oil, power kerosene
and illuminating oil. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington
Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and
fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996;
density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash
content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. |
IPCC (1996) |
U.N. (1996) |
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LPG |
Liquefied
petroleum gas (bottled gas) - Hydrocarbons which are gaseous under conditions
of normal temperature and pressure but are liquefied by compression or
cooling to facilitate storage, handling and transportation. They are (i)
extracted by stripping of natural gas at crude petroleum and natural gas
sources; (ii) extracted by stripping of imported natural gas in installations
of the importing country; and (iii) produced both in refineries and outside
of refineries in the course of processing crude petroleum or its derivatives.
It comprises propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), or a mixture of these two
hydrocarbons. Also included is ethane (C2H6) from petroleum or natural gas
producers' separation and stabilization plants. (Adapted from U.N., 1996,
IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Grou |
IPCC (1996) |
U.N. (1990) |
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Natural Gas |
Natural
gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of
non-hydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase, or in solution with oil in
natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions. It may be
subclassified into associated (i.e., that originating from fields producing
both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons), dissolved, or non-associated gas
(i.e., that originating from fields producing only hydrocarbons in gaseous
form). Methane recovered from coal mines and sewage gas are also included as
well as natural gas liquefied for transportation. Excluded is natural gas
used for repressuring and reinjection, as well as gas flared, vented or
otherwise wasted, and shrinkage accruing to processing for the extraction of
natural gas liquids. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Wa |
Read (1994) |
ORNL (1989) |
IEA (1999) |
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Nuclear |
All
data by definition. |
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Other coking
products |
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Other gas |
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Other Petro
products |
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Other wahsed
coal |
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Raw coal |
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Refinery gas |
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Solar |
All
data by definition. |
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Vegetal
Wastes |
Vegetal
wastes - Mainly crop residues (cereal straw from maize, wheat, paddy rice,
etc.) and food processing wastes (rice hulls, coconut husks, ground-nut
shells, etc.) used for fuel. Bagasse is excluded. (Adapted from U.N., 1996,
IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Energy contents vary
greatly depending on moisture content and type of waste. Typical values are shown below (from Leach
and Gowen, 1987). Sources: energy content from U.N., 1990; density from SEI,
1999; nitrogen content from Pastor and Kristoferson, 1987; moisture content
from Beijer Institute,1984, other data from SEI, 1999. Net/gross heating value ratio assumed same
as for wood. Fraction oxidized assumed same as coal. |
U.N. (1990) |
Beijer Institute
(1984) |
Pasztor and
Kristoferson (1987) |
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Wind |
All
data by definition. |
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