| LEAP DATASET SUMMARY | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| JAPAN Dataset as Prepared for the East Asia Energy Futures/Asia Energy Security Project, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| as modified for use in the Japan WWF "Power Switch" Analysis of Energy Futures for Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Printout Prepared by: Lea Prince, Nautilus Institute | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Date Prepared: 3/22/2004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All data were extracted from LEAP dataset (version "WWF_Japan_11T", dated 1/26/04) prepared for WWF Japan. LEAP dataset prepared by: Masami Nakata, Junichiro Oda, Charles Heaps and David Von Hippel -- October, 2003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| LEAP FUEL DATA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTES | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name | Notes | Reference 1 Author | Reference 1 Year | Reference 2 Author | ||||||||||||||||||
| Biogas | Biogas - A by-product of the fermentation of biomass, principally animal wastes, by bacteria. It consists mainly of methane gas and carbon dioxide. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content from Leach and Gowen, 1987; density not known; other data from Pasztor and Kristoferson, 1987. Net/gross heating value ratio assumed same as for wood. Fraction oxidized assumed same as coal.Biogas density estimated assuming biogas as a roughly 50/50 mix of methane and CO2 (DVH, 1/04). | Leach and Gowen (1987) | Pasztor and Kristoferson (1987) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Biomass (unspecified) | Assumed same as wood. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Blast Furnace gas | Units were gallons, but this can't be correct. Re-set to cubic meters, but net energy content may still be too high (by perhaps 70% based on calculations done for PARES report). (But other estimates of net energy content of similar gases are higher--see website below.) LHV/HHV set to .90, similar to coke oven gas. Density based on relative density of .9181 shown for blast furnace gas on http://www.cimprogetti.it/English/Products/Burning/Lean_gas/body_lean_gas.htm (DVH 1/04).????3.41MJ/Nm3????8.41MJ/Nm3energy content average of above two numbes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Coal (anthracite) | Coal is generally classified according to rank. Rank classifications are based on a coal's content of fixed carbon, volatile carbon compounds, water, and ash, its heating value, and its coking properties. In the coalification process, coal first takes the form of peat, then progresses through lignite (brown coal), bituminous (soft coal), and finally to anthracite (hard coal) and graphite. Anthracite - A hard black lustrous coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It is often referred to as hard coal. Used mainly for heating homes. The UN defines hard coals as having a gross calorific value above 24 MJ/kg (5,700 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis, and with a reflectance index of vitrinite of 0.5 and above. Under U.N. definitions, slu | Leach and Gowen (1987) | Schmidt, R. (1979) | Grubb (1989) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Coal (bituminous) | Coal energy content from IEA publication "Energy Prices and Taxes, 2nd Quarter, 2003", page 173. Coal sulfur content assumed same as for "Steam Coal" from the same publication (note added 9/10/03).[General Note on coal from LEAP default data follows]Coal is generally classified according to rank. Rank classifications are based on a coal's content of fixed carbon, volatile carbon compounds, water, and ash, its heating value, and its coking properties. In the coalification process, coal first takes the form of peat, then progresses through lignite (brown coal), bituminous (soft coal), and finally to anthracite (hard coal) and graphite. Bituminous Coal - A soft coal, high in carbonaceous matter having a volatility greater than anthracite and a caloric value greater than lignite. In the Uni | Leach and Gowen (1987) | Schmidt, R. (1979) | ORNL (1989) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Coal domestic | Domestic coal energy content from IEA publication "Energy Prices and Taxes, 2nd Quarter, 2003", page 173. Coal sulfur content assumed same as for "Steam Coal" from the same publication (note added 9/10/03). | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Coke oven gas | Density calculated from composition data below and from component densities in 41st edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. LHV/HHV ratio estimated from latter source. (DVH, 1/04)Composition data: American Iron and Steel InstituteWater vapor - 47%, Hydrogen (55% dry basis) 29%Methane (25%) 13%, Nitrogen (10%) 5%, Carbon Monoxide (6%) 3%, Carbon Dioxide (3%) 2% , Hydrocarbons (ethane, propane etc.) (2%) 1% Raw coke oven gas also contains various contaminants, which give coke oven gas its unique characteristics. These consist of:-Tar vapors-Light oil vapors (aromatics), consisting mainly of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX)-Naphthalene vapor-Ammonia gas-Hydrogen sulfide gas-Hydrogen cyanide gas COG is similar to natural gas (?) chemical compostion is from Natural Gas | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Coking Coal | Imported Coking coal energy content from IEA publication "Energy Prices and Taxes, 2nd Quarter, 2003", page 173. Coal sulfur content assumed same as for "Steam Coal" from the same publication (note added 9/10/03).[General Note on coal from LEAP default data follows]Coal is generally classified according to rank. Rank classifications are based on a coal's content of fixed carbon, volatile carbon compounds, water, and ash, its heating value, and its coking properties. In the coalification process, coal first takes the form of peat, then progresses through lignite (brown coal), bituminous (soft coal), and finally to anthracite (hard coal) and graphite. Lignite - The softest coal with a low heating value and the highest moisture content, which has retained the anatomical structure of the vege | U.N. (1996) | EPA (1985) | Grubb (1989) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Crude Oil | Crude Oil - Mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin, yellow to black in color, of variable specific gravity and viscosity, including crude mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals (shale, bituminous sand, etc.). Data for crude petroleum include lease (field) condense (separator liquids) which is recovered from gaseous hydrocarbons in lease separation facilities. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Energy contents of crude oil vary. Default values used in TED are for Saudi Arabian crude oil, the world's largest producer. Additional values are shown below (IEA, 1999) and detailed listings for most countries can be found in the IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories (IPCC, 1996) (http://www.iea.org/ipcc/invs1.htm). | Smith, K. (1987) | EPA (1985) | IEA (1999) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Diesel | Diesel oil (distillate fuel oil) - Light fuel oils distilled during the refining process and used primarily for space heating, on-and-off highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural machinery), and electric power generation. Included are products known as No.1, No.2, and No.4 fuel oils, and No.1, No.2, and No.4 diesel fuels. No.2 fuel oil is used in atomizing-type burners for domestic heating or for moderate commercial-industrial burner units. Diesel fuels are used in compression-ignition engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985; | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | Grubb (1989) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Electricity | All data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fuel Oil A | All numbers are samr as ones of residential fuel oil except energy content | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gasoline | (Motor) Gasoline - Light hydrocarbon oil used in positive ignition engines other than aircraft, distilling between 35 and 200°C, and treated to reach a sufficiently high octane number of generally between 80 and 100 RON. Treatment may be by reforming, blending with an aromatic fraction, or the addition of benzole or other additives (such as tetraethyl lead). Also known as petrol in the UK. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | EPA (1985) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Geothermal | Geothermal energy - thermal or electrical power produced from the thermal energy contained in the Earth. The use of geothermal energy is based on the temperature difference between a mass of buried rock and water and a mass of water (or air) at the Earth's surface. The temperature difference thermodynamically allows the production of thermal energy which is converted directly or indirectly to mechanical or electrical energy.Geothermal gradients in the Earth generally range between 10 to 30 degrees centigrade/kilometer. The source of these gradients is from conductive heat flow from the deep crust and mantle and from radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium isotopes. Some granitic rocks in the upper crust contain abnormally high concentrations of radioactive elements resulting | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat | Heat - Heat obtained from (a) combined heat and power (CHP) plants generating electricity and useful heat in a signie installation; (b) district heating (DH) plants and (c) nuclear power plants and geothermal sources. The heat may be in the form of steam, hot water or hot air. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: all data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat from Cogen | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hydro | Hydropower - Electricity generated by an electric power plant whose turbines are driven by falling water. Includes energy generated from large dams, run-of-river, microhydro and smaller facilities.Sources: all data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Jet Kerosene | Jet fuel - Medium oil with the same distillation characteristics and flash point as kerosene, with a maximum aromatic content of 20% in volume, and treated to give a kinematic viscosity of less than 15 cSt at -34°C and a freezing point below -50°C. It is used in aviation gas-turbine engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | EPA (1985) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kerosene | Kerosene - Medium oil distilling between 150 and 300°C; at least 65% in volume distils at 250°C. Its specific gravity is around 0.80 and the flash point above 38°C. It is used as an illuminant and as a fuel in certain types of spark-ignition engines, such as those used for agricultural tractors and stationary engines. Other names for this product are burning oil, vaporizing oil, power kerosene and illuminating oil. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1996) | |||||||||||||||||||
| LNG | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| LPG | Liquefied petroleum gas (bottled gas) - Hydrocarbons which are gaseous under conditions of normal temperature and pressure but are liquefied by compression or cooling to facilitate storage, handling and transportation. They are (i) extracted by stripping of natural gas at crude petroleum and natural gas sources; (ii) extracted by stripping of imported natural gas in installations of the importing country; and (iii) produced both in refineries and outside of refineries in the course of processing crude petroleum or its derivatives. It comprises propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), or a mixture of these two hydrocarbons. Also included is ethane (C2H6) from petroleum or natural gas producers' separation and stabilization plants. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Grou | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Metalurgical Coke | Coke - The solid residue obtained from the distillation of hard coal or lignite in the total absence of air (carbonization). Three categories are distinguished:Gas coke - A by-product of coal used for the production of manufactured or town gas in gasworks.Coke-oven coke - All other coke produced from hard coal.Brown coal coke - A solid product obtained from carbonization of brown coal briquettes.(Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content from U.N., 1996; density from Chemical Rubber Company, 1985; sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985; other data from SEI, 1999. Net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized are IPCC defaults. Note however that actual values may vary widely for differnet coals. | IPCC (1996) | SEI (1999) | Chemical Rubber Company (1985) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Methanol | Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and methanol (methyl alcohol) for use as a fuel. Ethanol can be produced from sugar, starch and cellulose and is used mainly in transport (on its own or blended with gasoline). Methanol can be produced from wood, crop residues, grass, and the like and can be used in internal combustion engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Methanol (methyl alcohol) Methanol - can be produced from wood, crop residues, grass, and the like and can be used in internal combustion engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content from Leach and Gowen, 1987; density from Chemical Rubber Company, 1985; other data based on elemental composition (SEI, 1999). | Leach and Gowen (1987) | SEI (1999) | Chemical Rubber Company (1985) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal Gas | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) | Sources: all data SEI, 1999. | SEI (1999) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Naphtha | Naphtha - Light or medium oil distilling between 30 and 210°C, for which there is no official definition, but which does not meet the standards laid down for motor spirit. The properties depend on consumer specifications; the C:H ratio is usually 84:14 or 84:16, with a very low sulfur content. Naphtha may be further blended or mixed with other materials to make high-grade motor gasoline or jet fuel, used as raw material for town gas or feedstocks to make various kinds of chemical products, or used as various solvents. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; other data assumed same as diesel. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Natural Gas | Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of non-hydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase, or in solution with oil in natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions. It may be subclassified into associated (i.e., that originating from fields producing both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons), dissolved, or non-associated gas (i.e., that originating from fields producing only hydrocarbons in gaseous form). Methane recovered from coal mines and sewage gas are also included as well as natural gas liquefied for transportation. Excluded is natural gas used for repressuring and reinjection, as well as gas flared, vented or otherwise wasted, and shrinkage accruing to processing for the extraction of natural gas liquids. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Wa | Read (1994) | ORNL (1989) | IEA (1999) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Natural Gas Liquid | Natural Gas Liquid (Condensate?) All numbers are samr as ones of crude oil, except energy content????????????????????????????????????2002? | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | All data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Oil (unspecified) | Assumed same as diesel. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Petroleum Coke | Petroleum coke - Shiny black solid residue, obtained by cracking and carbonization in furnaces and generally burning without leaving any ash. It is used mainly in metallurgical processes. It excludes those solid residues obtained from carbonization of coal. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; other data assumed same as diesel. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Refinery Feedstocks | Refinery Feedstocks - Products or a combination of products derived from crude oil destined for further processing in the refining industry other than blending. They are transformed into one or more components and/or finished products. This definition covers naphtha imported for refinery intake and naphtha returned from the chemical industry to the refining industry. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; other data assumed same as for Naphtha. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residual Fuel Oil | Residual fuel oil - the heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It comprises all fuels (including those obtained by blending) with a viscosity above 27.5 cSt at 38°C. Their flash point is always above 50'C and their specific gravity higher than 0.90. It is commonly used by ships and industrial large-scale heating installations as a fuel in furnaces or boilers. Also known as mazout. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985; nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?. | IPCC (1996) | U.N. (1990) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Solar | All data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Wind | All data by definition. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Wood | Wood - All wood in the rough used for fuel purposes. Production data include the portion used for charcoal production, using a factor of 6 to convert from a weight basis to the volumetric equivalent (metric tons to cubic meters) of charcoal. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Note the energy content of wood varies depending on the species and moisture content. Typical values are as follows (from Leach and Gowen 1987): Sources: energy content and moisture content from Leach and Gowen, 1987; density from Beijer institute, 1984; approximate net/gross heating value ratio from Leach and Gown 1987; other data from Smith, 1987. Fraction oxidized assumed same as coal. | Leach and Gowen (1987) | Smith, K. (1987) | Beijer Institute (1984) | ||||||||||||||||||