HARTS in North Koreas
James Dennis, 1986
Unless you have been assigned to Korea, you probably have never heard of
a Hardened Artillery Site (HARTS). This is partially due to the US Army's
concentration on European-style maneuver warfare and partially because the
HARTS are a North Korean peculiarity, developed in reaction to their experiences
during the Korean Conflict, which was fought much like World War I. During
that time, the UN Command gave the Chinese and North Koreans a graduate
course on what 105mm, 155mm and 203mm artillery and Close Air Support (CAS)
could do to a bunker system or trench line. From this, the North learned
what measures were needed to protect their forces and have used this knowledge
and the intervening time to prepare.
The North Koreans have put in a coast-to-coast system to protect the military
hardware on which they have spent so much money. HARTS represent only one
part of a protective system which makes maximum use of their rugged terrain.
Other aspects of the systen include: 1. airfields where the airplanes are
parked under mountains; 2. radar sites in elevator shafts that can be raised
up like a submarine periscope; 3. submarine and missile patrol boat bases
in tunnels hewn in rock; 4. tunnels a kilometer or more in length for storing
vehicles and supplies, or to hide the population of a nearby city.
This article will examine only the HARTS or Hardened Artillery Sites which
are an integral part of the North Korean defensive structure. Such sites
will be close enough to the DMZ to allow two-thirds of the artillery's range
to fall in South Korea. The first area of HARTS is behind the first belt.
Additional HARTS are located behind the second defensive belt and so on.
These rearward HARTS are used to store supplies and in time of, war or crisis,
as as safe havens for second echelon forces. In the western DMZ to Central
DMZ, it has been estimated that there are between 200-500 HARTS.
Hardened Artillery Sites are of several types, some more common than others.
Near the DMZ can be found a variety of firing pits, bunkers or berms that
hold mortars, field artillery, anti-tank guns, multiple rocket launchers,
etc. Some are always occupied, while others seem to be used only during
times of increased tension. Artillery caves (Fig 1) are scattered chroughout
the northern side of the DMZ, depending on the terrain. These may be real
caves, modified to hold artillery, or man-made tunnels. (The following illustrates
some of the positions identified; these could also be found in other areas:)
In the vicinity of KAESONG (Panmunjon) there are the "Y" type bunkers (Fig
2). These consist of precast concrete, covered by earth. From these bunkers
the North could fire at targets in the Western Corridor, the Kimpo Peninsula
and Gangwha Island. It is here that Communist artillery is located which
can hit the South Korean capital, Seoul. (The reason for "Y" bunkers is
to compensate for the way the mountains run, which does not match offensive
or defensive contingencies.)
In the CHORWAN Corridor (Iron Triangle for Korean War vets) the North has
put in earth-covered bunkers, probably of precast croncrete (Fig 3).
A Hardened Artillery Site is a fortified battery fighting position (in
Viet Nam we called them fire bases). Within the site will be emplacements
for guns, shelters for personnel, ammunition and the fire direction center
(FdC), trenches for self defense and communication, cover for prime movers,
and in wartime, protective wire and mixed minefields. A gun emplacement
will have a gun platform, crew cover, ammunition recesses, ramps and connecting
passages and breastworks.
A Hardened Artillery Site will be oriented so that all guns are able to
strike targets in its battery's sector of fire. There is a school of thought
which feels that the guns must be placed on the pad outside the shelter
for firing. This would, of course, depend on how that site was located and
made. All that is required to shoot a conventional artillery piece from
a cave or bunker is to have the muzzle near enough the door so the round
won't strike the roof on the way out and the blast and noise goes out the
door. The guns the North makes have gun shields to protect the crew from
small arms fire and blast. A crew can position the gun with the wheels just
on the inside of the entrance, with the muzzle out of the door. This would
allow most of the gun's elevation to be used.
In front of each position will be a pad with bermed positions for out of
battery missions. I will discuss how this emplacement is constructed later.
The pad will probably be a rolled earth and cement mixture and will be sloped
to allow for drainage. This would allow heavy trucks to come from the front
without tearing the pad up.
The entrances of a cave, tunnel or bunker will be of reinforced concrete
pillars and beams on which doors are hung. Retaining walls on either side
and above the entrance would stabilize the slope and prevent being buried
by a near miss.
Doors would be used to keep out the elements and prying eyes in peacetime;
in wartime they would provide protection from blast or fragments. To protect
against blast or fragments, the doors would have to be at least 10mm of
steel. The Armed Forces Journal, Aug 84, says they are of concrete.
The doors could be steel on one side and concrete on the other. To give
more protection from blast, radiation or shaped charges, a steel box could
be welded to the interior of the door and filled with gravel, sand or concrete.
Depending on the weight, the doors could be hinged or sliding. How the doors
are constructed would determine how they are hung. Dutch doors are also
a possibility as they could give the crew some protection. An anti-radiation/anti-fragmentation
curtain could be hung inside the doors to provide protection when the doors
are open.
What overhead cover a HARTS has will depend on what type of position it
is in. A cave or tunnel will have a mountain or hill on top of it. A bunker
will have sandwiched layers of earth/stone. Most of the mountains in Korea
are granite, so the tunnels are similar to those found in Vermont or the
Rocky Mountains. If you go to Korea, you could visit Tunnel #3 near Panmonjon
(see your ROK Liaison Officer or International Tours and Travel) or go to
Chinese Tunnel near the St. Barbara Impact Area. Both are unlined and constructed
by hand. The roof of a cave or tunnel will be reinforced to prevent the
ceiling from spalling by direct hits.
A bunker is usually covered with several layers of earth. The first 5 cm
is probably sod with grass planted on it. The next layer will be 30-60 cm
(1-2 ft) of 15-20 cm granite stones. This burster layer will be thick and
rigid enough to detonate or deflect delayed fuse shells up to 155mm or 203mm.
The remaining layers will be 30-60 cm of uncompacted earth, a waterproof
layer, and a dust layer of timbers. Supporting this will be concrete/steel
pillars and beams. The roof and walls will be of precast concrete 10-20
cm thick. The North Koreans may hedge their bets and make these layers thicker
or put in a second burster layer.
The interiors of caves, tunnels or bunkers will be similar. There will
be an area large enough for the gun, with trails spread, and the gun crew
to work (5×7 meters) and a high trajectory pit will be dug below the
guns breach. There will be reference or aiming marks on the walls for use
in fire control. Near the gun will be spaces to store ammunition and to
do the work of setting fuses. These chambers will vary in size. A bunker
will have an advantage over a cave in getting rid of expended shell cases
and unused powder charges, since these could be thrown out the back or placed
in conveniently dug pits a safe distance away (all North Korean guns up
to 152mm use semi-fixed ammo). In the cave they would have to put this debris
in special chambers, probably protected by blast walls and doors. There
may even be a place for the crew to rest. A cave or tunnel would have to
be ventilated and lighted, and needs a drainage system because of water
seepage or underground springs. A heating system would also have to be put
in during the winter. It would have to have no open flames; therefore, it
would probably be an Ondal system (charcoal stoves).
Bunkers and caves will be interconnected by tunnels or trenches. Caves
and tunnels will have blast walls to prevent sympathetic explosions. Communication
to the guns and the fire direction center (FPC) will be via landline (wire
telephone). The EPC could be in its own bunker or within the cave/tunnel
complex. Prime movers will be located in a protected area approximately
1 km from the complex and dug in.
Pit and berm type HARTS are designed to accomodate all types of artillery
weapons, mortars, MRLs and guns. They differ by type of weapon system and
whether the weapon is emplaced above or below the grounds natural surface.
The major consideration is drainage; the months June-September are the monsoon
season, and with rains of 25-30 inches a month, it is not unusual to see
1-2 inches an hour.
An 82mm or 120mm mortar emplacement will consist of a circular pit 2.4
meters in diameter and 1 meter deep. On the left side of the gun will be
a personnel trench 3 meters long, .5 meters wide and 1.8 meters deep. This
will connect to a covered bunker 5 meters × 1.5 meters × 2 meters
deep, with 1.5 meters of overhead cover. The ammunition trench, on the right
side of the gun, will be 3 meters long × .5 meter wide and 2 meters
deep with 1-2 niches, l×l meter × 1.6 meters deep. Trenches
will have a berm .5-1 meter high. The sides will be reinforced by planks,
brush fascines or sandbags. (Volume to be excavated 29 meters3,
38 man hours.)
An artillery emplacement (122mm, 130mm, 152mm) gun platform will be 7.5
meters long × 6 meters wide × 1 meter deep, with a high-trajectory
pit below the gun breach. A ramp 3 meters wide × 3.5 meters long will
lead into the emplacement. A berm 1 meter high × 2 meters wide, reinforced
by brush, wire, etc., to eliminate dust, will surround the emplacement.
On the left of the gun will be the ammunition platform 2×1.4 meters2
which will hold 40 rounds. An ammunition trench 3×.5×2 meters
deep will be on the left. Ammunition niches will hold the rest of the ammunition
(80+ rounds). A personnel trench similar to the mortar emplacement will
be on the right. (Vol 99 meters3, 68 man hours.)
Multiple rocket launcher (MRL) emplacements are unique in that the jet
exhaust may demolish slopes and ramps when a volley is fired. For MRL vehicle
emplacement, the excavated area is 3.5 meters wide × 6.5 meters long,
with a 6 meter long entry ramp. The front of the emplacement will be sloped
so that in case the vehicle won't start on its own, a hand crank can be
used. The emplacement is 1.6 meters deep with a berm 1.3 meters high. A
trailer MRL (107mm) will be of the same width but probably only 3 meters
long, with a shorter ramp. (Volume 73 meters3, 65 man hours.)
As you have probably noticed, the volume of dirt excavated and man hours
required to dig the emplacement have been shown. This is because berm or
pit HARTS will be needed as the North Korean army moves south. Who is going
to dig them? Why the crew, of course. They will get help from their prime
movers, the ATT, ATS, ATL and ATP; one per battery will have a dozer blade
attached. There will also be a lot of people to "volunteer", possibly at
gunpoint.
A Hardened Artillery Site is not just a gun emplasement, it is also a place
for the crew to live. Permanently occupied sites will probably have barracks,
a mess hall, a latrine/bathhouse, a recreation/clsssroom and outdoor recreation
facilities. There may be a small motorpool or maintenance area. A HARTS
in or near a box canyon may have a rifle range. The buildings will be one
story and constructed of cement bricks with a cement stucco. The roofs will
be corrogated metal or fiber tile. Inside the buildings will be a raised
wooden floor covered with linoleum, with an Ondal heating system underneath.
Furniture will be at a minimum; everything a North Korean private owns,
including his bed, fits in his rucksack and Koreans sit on the floor. The
latrine facilities will be typically oriental.
Cement pingpong tables and a basketball court, may be located outside.
There will probably be a garden on the compound and someplace to store the
kimchee. Contingency HARTS will be more spartan.
The number of gun emplacements and men will depend on the weapon system.
Mortars and 122mm howitzer batteries generally have 6 guns, while 122mm
gun (D-74), 130mm gun, and 152mm gun howitzer batteries have 4 guns. There
are between 60 and 70 men to crew the battery.
In or near the HARTS are ammunition storage bunkers. Each gun emplacement
will have 1-4 units of fire stored (120 rounds per gun = 1 unit of fire).
Some people guess there may be enough ammunition stored to last 30-90 days.
The first day's firing will be 4 units of fire, with 2 units for the next
2 days, by which time they intend to move south. A defensive battle would
use 3 units of fire per day. Caves and tunnels would store this ammo deep
in the mountain. Bunkers and pits would need additional bunkers or a nearby
cave/tunnel, since they must store a lot of ammunition.
Some Hardened Artillery Sites will have to be built or are being built
or modified to handle self-propelled (SP) artillery. The North Koreans have
been producing 122mm, 130mm, and 152mm SP artillery for a number of years.
The chassis on which they are built are subject to debate, but chassis the
North Koreans have available are the T-34, T-55, T-62, PT-76, K-61, M1067
Chinese Type (K-63) APC, and several artillery tractors. The guns are mounted
similarly to the US M-ll0 8-inch howitzer and offer no protection for the
crew. How the North Koreans intend to use SP artillery is unclear. They
may put them in HARTS and shoot them like towed guns. They also may shift
them around to avoid counter-fire, but the North probably does not have
the C3 or road net to do that effectively. If employed in a HARTS,
excavation needed will be significant.
Other measures designed to protect Hardened Artillery Sites include their
positioning, massed fires, air defense and rear area protection. The preferred
place to put an artillery battery is on a reverse slope. This keeps it out
of direct observation and fires and can help to confuse flash and sound
units. Another benefit is a reverse slope can help to disrupt an air attack.
A good reverse slope could be a 5-20 meter depression between the hill and
mountains. Who is on the forward slope?: regular units awaiting to be committed,
recently activated reserves and air defense units.
Some people guess that the North Koreans will attempt to have in the vicinity
of 500 artillery tubes per kilometer of breakthrough frontage. This gives
the potential of staggering volume in terms of rounds per minute fired.
This could saturate the detection capability of countermortar/battery radars.
If friendly radars can target even 10% of such a volume, the fire direction
centers, manual and automated, could easily be overloaded. To further complicate
things, Allied artillery command and control centers are also targeted for
action by long range artillery, jamming and ranger/commandos.
With so much invested in these artillery positions, it makes sense that
the North has designed measures to protect them against air and ground threats
which could neutralize them. They no doubt recall the havoc which US air
power caused during the Korean Conflict, and most certainly have paid attention
to the significant damage that Israeli air has caused in the Middle East.
While the North will probably attempt to destroy US and ROK aircraft on
the ground, they have established an extensive air defense system, consisting
of SA2s, AD guns, and counter-air aircraft to handle those which they know
will get airborne.
Point ADA or AAA defense for the HARTS will be provided by several ZPU-2/4
heavy anti-aircraft machine gun (HAAMG) companies. These guns, crewed by
local militia women, will be placed on the high ground along an air avenue
of approach, 1-2km from the HARTS. Also available is the SA-7, but the exact
distribution is unclear. Corps and division assets, both 37mm and 57mm,
will provide coverage for clusters of HARTS. While these weapons are relatively
old, they can still shoot down a plane or helicopter, or cause the pilot
to abort his mission.
Since the North is probably concerned with the threat which ground forces
injected into its rear area could pose, it can be assumed that security
for the HARTS will be provided by regular, militia, and reserve units located
in the rear. Units whose missions might reguire that they fight to the rear
of forward deployed North Korean forces should be aware of what they may
face.
Obviously, available for rear area protection are uncommitted divisions
and brigades. They will be in assembly areas, tactically dispersed and conducting
local patrolling. These units, while not charged with rear area protection,
could respond rather quickly to a penetration or raid on any rear area activity,
including the HARTS. Several types of reserve units are available to assist
in protecting HARTS. Reserve units are composed of men aged 18-35 who have
finished their military obligations. They receive 64 hours of field training
a month. They are from the same factory or village and their officers and
some NCOs are full-time active duty. They could be any branch, most likely
infantry, and can be totally mobilized and employed as a unit in 72 hours.
The Worker Peasant Red Militia are males aged 35-50 years and young farmers
who have been exempted from military service. They get 50 hours of training
a month and are armed with AKs, light machineguns, and RPGs. They are in
18 man platoons, 14 per battalion. They will be manning the recently evacuated
trenches, patrolling the hills and providing security for critical facilities.
They may be old, but they built the fortifications, their daughters and
wives crew the HAAMGs, their sons are out fighting and they know the ground.
The Red Vanguard units are high school and college boys awaiting military
service. They will be armed with SKSs and have adult advisors. Fifteen year
old boys can be very fanatical at times, as shown in the current Iran-Iraq
war and by Hitlers Werewolves. A well trained infantry unit could defeat
them, but they will gain time for others to come.
How ready are the reserve and militia units? Every civilian in the forward
areas keeps a rucksack and helmet by the door. According to some reports
weapons and ammo are already issued out, as with the Swiss and Norwegians
in Europe. The Korean Workers Party calls alerts every so often and everyone
goes to their appointed place. When required, they build the fortifications,
and they are put on alert and man the trenches during times of tensions,
i.e., large US and ROK exercises.
Their experiences in the last "war", in which they faced US Forces, predisposes
the North Korean Army to the continued use of HARTS. Knowing how they plan
to employ their artillery and how they plan to protect it will be necessary
if we ever have to face their forces on a field of battle.
RED THRUST NOTE: While the types of positions described are known to exist
through unclassified sources, in many cases, the specific dimensions and
construction details are not. For this reason, the exact size and construction
details cited are often the authors estimate of what is reasonable and necessary
to accomplish their intended purpose. The estimate is based on what is needed
to protect against the effects of US/Rok artillery and bombs, how the Soviets
construct such positions, and available engineering data. Source material
considered by the author included: Armed Forces Journal, Aug 84;
Armed Forces Journal, Sept 84; FM 5-34, Engr FPR (1969); Soviet Artillery
Battery Officer Handbook (Translated), Army Intel and Threat Center, Arlington
Hall; International Defense Review, #7, 1983
1. New OPFOR Reference Guide. Elsewhere in this issue you will find
a new "OPFOR Reference Guide", which represents our 1 September 1984 version,
which should be destroyed. We have included updated lists of publications,
periodicals, training aids, and other information which is of value to the
OPFOR trainer. Should you be aware of other useful items or wish to recommend
corrections please call RED THRUST Operations (Autovon 737-3014/1727, Comm
8l7-287-3014). Holders of the OPFOR Workbook for Training Managers
should replace the "OPFOR Reference Guide" in Section IV of the workbook
with this updated version.
2. OPFOR Training Update. RED THRUST's first priority effort is
training-either training a unit to be a realistic OPFOR or training an OPFOR
Cadre on how to do OPFOR training ("train the trainer"). We salute those
units who took advantage of this training in an effort to make their field
training more realistic. The following unit training has been accomplished
to date this FY:
a. OPFOR Unit Training:
B Tp, 230th Cav, 30th (Sep) Arm Bde, TNARNG
410th MP Co, 720th MP Bn, 89th MP Bde, Ft Hood, TX
2-5 Cav (Arm), 1st Cav Div, Ft Hood, TX
B Co, 1-5 Cav (M), 1st Cav Div, Ft Hood, TX
2-141 Inf (M), 49th Arm Div, TXARNG
b. OPFOR Cadre Training:
SCARNG (STARC, Trp Comd, 228th Sig Bde, 151st FA Bde)
Readiness Group, Ft Benjamin Harrison, IN
102d ARCOM, St Louis, MO
98th Training Div, Rochester, NY
3. Update of Soviet Defense Tactics "Loaner Class". We recently
updated our class on Soviet Defensive Tactics. Headquarters who hold permanent
copies of RED THRUSTs "Loaner Classes" were sent a copy of the new lesson
plan, script, new slides, and instructions for renumbering the old slides
which are still in the new class. Units who last used this class prior to
December 1985 may wish to consider borrowing the current version.
4. South Carolina Army National Guard Initiative. The SCARNG recently
initiated an ambitious OPFOR Cadre Training Program. The first effort of
its kind, the goal of the "SWAMP FOX" OPFOR Training Program is to have
trained OPFOR Cadre in every unit in the SCARNG. When RED THRUST has completed
the series of weekend cadre training sessions, battalions and separate companies
of the Troop Command,228th Signal Brigade, 351st Field Artillery Brigade,
and the 218th Infantry Brigade (Sep)(M) will have their own OPFOR trainers
and the SC-STARC HQ will have an OPFOR Platoon. The initial training session
on 14-15 December included orientation for all commanders, S3s, and S2s
on the program and was attended by the State AG and Deputy AG.
5. Combat Maneuver Training Complex (CMTC). If you have enjoyed
fighting the OPFOR at the Ft Irwin National Training Center (NTC), and thought
your upcoming tour in Germany would leave that all behind you, don't despair.
Soon, you will be able to enjoy a similar experience in Germany. USAREUR/7th
Army is establishing the CMTC at Hohenfels Training Area; the CMTC will
permit combat maneuver battalions to exercise against a realistic, noncooperative
OPFOR, using Soviet-style tactics, formations, and equipment, all MILES-equipped,
similar to NTC. Although the ultimate goal is a full-time OPFOR Motorized
Rifle Battalion (Reinf) stationed permanently at Hohenfels, that is a few
years off. In the interim, the 7th Army Training Command OPFOR Detachment
will train an OPFOR Reinforced Motorized Rifle Company from each brigade
going to Hohenfels for training. This MRC(+) will then face each battalion
during the battalion-level training phase of a rotation. Although the CMTC
will not initially have all of its planned sophisticated instrumentation,
this will be phased in as procurement funding permits. 7th Army Training
Command has formed the OPFOR Detachment from their Foreign Materiel Training
Detachment. As recently described in ARMOR MAGAZINE (Nov-Dec 85), the detachment
has 32 US soldiers and 13 operational Warsaw Pact wheeled and tracked vehicles,
including one BMP. The detachment uses these vehicles to support training
exercises. As the full-time OPFOR Battalion "comes on line" at Hohenfels,
VISMODS will be included to permit replication of the larger number of vehicles
needed. The 7th ATC is now providing Threat and OPFOR training support to
USAREUR units through the combined efforts of its OPFOR Branch and its Threat
Training Branch. They also reproduce and distribute Threat and OPFOR training
products, including several produced by RED THRUST, to USAREUR units.
FORSCOM
INTELLIGENCE TRAINING DETACHMENT SCHEDULE
DATE Unit Location
Intelligence Staff Training
8 - 9 Mar 86 50th AR Div Sea Girt, NJ
(Somerset, NJ)
8 - 9 Mar 86 157th Inf Bde Horsham, PA
22 - 23 Mar 86 2d Bde, 42d Inf Div New York City, NY
22 - 23 Mar 86 26th Inf Div Boston, MA
3 - 4 May 86 157th Inf Bde Edgemont, PA
14 - 15 Jun 86 67th Inf Bde Lincoln, NE
12 - 13 Jul 86 32d Inf Bde Madison, WI
(Milwaukee, WI)
Intelligence CPX Training
22 - 23 Feb 86 39th Inf Bde/318th MID Little Rock, AR
26 - 27 Apr 86 50th AR Div/338th MID Sea Girt, NJ
(Somerset, NJ)
10 - 11 May 86 47th Inf Div/247th MID St. Paul, MN
19 - 20 Jul 86 26th Inf Div/241st MID Boston, MA
9 - 10 Aug 86 49th AR Div/304th ASA Bn Ft. Hood, TX
(Austin, TX)
CEWI Orientation Training
6 Sep 86 RC CEWI Unit: 389th MI Co (CEWI)(SFG)(ABN), 11th SFG
(Backfill Units) 389th MID *Louisville, KY
13 Sep 86 RC CEWI Unit: 77th MI Co (CEWI)(SFG)(ABN), 12th SFG
(Backfill Units) 77th MID *Arlington Heights, IL
FITD Scheduling Conference
15 - 17 Apr 86 Special Ft Bragg, NC (Bldg #8-T-5453)
* Recommended Training Location. RC CEWI
Backfill Units will be trained collectively in one location, if possible.
RED
THRUST MOBILE TRAINING TEAM SCHEDULE
21 - 24 Mar 86 2d Bn, 152d Inf INARNG Edinburgh, IN
23 - 29 Mar 86 7th ATC OPFOR Det Hohenfels, Germany
17 - 24 Jul 86 2d Bn, 77th Armor Yakima, WA
(T) Jul-Aug 86 Trp E, 82d Cav ORARNG TBA
(T) Aug 86 CDEC Armor Co Ft Hunter-Liggett, CA
MAGAZINES
ARMED FORCES JOURNAL
Soviet Military Developments, Marshall Lee Miller, pg. 34, Jan
86.
AVIATION DIGEST
Soviet Air Assault Brigade, Part 1: Origins, (TCLP) Jack E. Easton
and MAJ (P) Charles B. Cook, pg. 2, Vol. 31, No. 11, Nov 85.
FIELD ARTILLERY JOURNAL
Leading the Soviet Way, CPT George T. Norris, pg. 42, Vol. 53,
No. 6, Nov-Dec 85.
INFANTRY
NTC: Lessons Learned, CPT Gregory M. Heritage, pg. 39, Jan-Feb
86.
NTC: Techniques, LTC Alan G. Vitters, pg. 41, Jan-Feb 86.
INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE REVIEW
International Defense Digest - Soviet 120mm Air Trans SP Mort/How
on BMD Chassis, pg. 1729, Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
Soviet Corvettes Waiting For SS-N-22, pg. 1730, Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
MI-28 Sighting, pg. 1731, Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
Soviet Tank Battalions Now Reequipped, pg. 1731, Vol. 18, No.
11-85.
Cross Sword Fire-Control System For SA-NX-9 Missile on Sea Trails,
pg. 1732, Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
Indian Navy's Anti-Missile Capacities, pg. 1732, Vol. 18, No.
11-85.
Paktia Observations, John Hannon, Phots-Kurt Pelda, pg. 1733,
Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
Sukhoi SU-25 Frogfoot, STOL Strikes for the PACT, Bill Sweetnan,
pg. 1753, Vol. 18, No. 11-85.
SS-23 in Poland, pg. 1898, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
New ICBM in Service, pg. 1898, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Backfires for Siberia, pg. 1900, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Soviet ABM System Extended, pg. 1900, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
16B Front Air Army Reinforced, pg. 1900, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Bears for Blackjacks?, pg. 1900, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
The Long Standing Love Affair Between the USSR and the Tank, Marshall
L. Miller, pg. 34, Jan 86.
The First 50 Indian-Built T-72 Tanks, pg. 1900, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
SA 5 in Eastern Europe, pg. 1900, vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Soviet Defense Minister Sokolov, World Traveller, Harriet Fast
Scott, pg. 1902, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Soviet Short-Range Ballistic Missiles, Now a Conventional Deep Strike
Mission, LTC Kerry L. Hines, pg. 1909, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Republic of Korea, Bleak Security Perspectives, H.M.F. Howarth,
pg. 1977, Vol. 18, No. 12-85.
Electronic Warfare-Supplement of International Defense Soviet Electronic
Warfare a Review of Published Material, Stephen L. Johnston, pg. 9,
Suppl of IDR 12-85.
JANES
Jane's All the World's Aircraft 85-86, 67th year of issue, Edited
by John R. Taylor.
Jane's Weapon Systems 85-86, 16th Edition, Edited by Ronald T.
Pretty.
Jane's Armour and Artillery 85-86, 6th Edition, Edited by Christopher
F. Foss.
Jane's Military Vehicles and Ground Support Equipment 1985, 6th
Edition, Edited by Christopher F. Foss and Jerry J. Gandbe.
Jane's Fighting Ships 85-86, 88th Year of Issue, Edited by CPT
John Moore, RN.
Jane's Infantry Weapons 85-86, 11th Edition, Edited by Ian V.
Hogg.
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
"Soviet Organization for Theater War", Cpt Robert E. Kells, Jr.,
pg. 24-32, Dec 85.
MILITARY REVIEW
WHY THE OMG?, MAJ Henry S. Shields, U.S. AFR., pg. 4, Vol LXV,
No. 11-85.
Command and Confusion at the NTC, Maj Harvey A. Teston Jr., USA,
pg. 56, Vol. LXV, No. 11-85.
PARAMETERS
Soviet Active Measures and Disinformation: Overview and Assessment,
Dennis Kux, pg. 19, Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 85.
Soviet Offensive Strategic Nuclear Forces: Evolution and Prospects,
John M. Weinstein, pg. 29, Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 85.
Soviet Thinking on the Next Land War, Hung P. Nguyen, pg. 41,
Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 85.
SOVIET LIFE
Russian on the Ground and in the Air, Nikolai Domhkovsky, pg.
25, Vol. 352, No. 1, Jan 86.
The Silent, But Deadly, Binary Weapons, Lev Semeiko, pg. 49, Vol.
352, No. 1, Jan 86.
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT
Afghan War Finally Hits Soviets Homefront, pg. 41, Vol. 95, No.
25, 16 Dec 85.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES COMMAND
OPPOSING FORCE TRAINING DETACHMENT (RED THRUST)
Fort Hood, Texas 76544-0056
3 February 1986
OPFOR REFERENCE GUIDE
1. The purpose of this OPFOR reference guide is to provide commanders,
training managers, OPFOR trainers, and interested personnel a consolidated
listing of available OPFOR and unclassified Potential Adversary information,
literature, training aids and devices. Every effort has been made to make
this guide as complete and functional as possible. It will be periodically
updated as required. Local reproduction is authorized.
2. Section I provides an abbreviated description of procedures for obtaining
the training references and aids listed in this guide. Requests for items
not produced by RED THRUST should be ordered from the originator of those
products. RED THRUST does not stock those items.
3. The reference guide is organized as follows:
Section I. How To Request Training References/Aids Page A-1
Section II. OPFOR Training Management Reference Page B-1
Section III. OPFOR Training References Page C-1
Section IV. Potential Adversary (Threat) References Page D-1
Section V. Audiovisual Products Page E-1
Section VI. Training Devices Page F-1
Section VII. Periodicals Page G-1
Section VIII. Publications Page H-1
Section IX. Service Schools Points of Contact Page I-1
Section X. TASC Locations And Addresses Page J-1
Section XI. Other Sources Page K-1
Section XII. Simulation Systems Page L-1
4. Comments and/or recommendations regarding the reference guide should
be directed to:
Commander
USA FORSCOM OPFOR Tng Det
(RED THRUST)
P.O. Box 5068
Ft Hood, Texas 76544-0056
ARTHUR P. CARTER
LTC, MI
Commanding
SECTION I. HOW TO REQUEST TRAINING REFERENCES/AIDS
1. Army Regulations, DA Circulars, Field Manuals, Training Circulars, DA
Pamphlets, TRADOC Bulletins, and TRADOC Pamphlets.
a. In addition to locally established procedures, refer to AR 310-2,
DA Pam 310-1, and DA Pam 310-10, and TRADOC Pam 310-1.
b. Active and Reserve Component Army units should submit DA Form 12-3
(Requirements for Initial Distribution of Publications and Blank Forms)
to establish an account. Requisitions for individual references should
be submitted on DA Form 17 and 17-1.
c. Organizations not authorized an account with Baltimore should submit
their requests to their parent unit.
2. Graphic training aids (to include TV Tapes and Training Films).
a. In addition to locally established procedures, you will need to refer
to DA Pam 108-1. Requests for training aids should be submitted through
the Training Audiovisual Support Center servicing your unit.
b. If you desire a particular training aid not available locally, but
it is available through another TASC, recommend you contact your supporting
TASC for procurement.
3. DIA Publications
To request DIA publications, submit DD Form 1142 through command channels
IAW locally established procedures.
4. Commercial periodicals and Publications
Refer to your post or local library, local book stores, or contact the
publisher directly.
SECTION II. OPFOR TRAINIING MANAGEMENT REFERENCES
Publication Subject
Number
1.ARs
108-2 Army Training and Audiovisual Support w/Changes 1 & 2
350-1 Army Iraining w/Change 1
350-2 Opposing Force (OPFOR) Program
2.DA PAMPHLETS
108-4 Index of Army Motion Pictures and Related Audiovisual Aids
310-1 Index of Administrative Publications
310-12 Index and Description of Army Training Devices w/Change 1
3.FIELD MANUALS
25-2 How To Manage Training In Units
4.DA TRAINING CIRCULARS
25-6 Tactical Engagement Simulation Training With MILES
5.FORSCOM REGULATIONS
350-1 Active Component Training w/Change 1
350-2 Reserve Component Training w/Change 1
FORSCOM Supplement 1 To AR 330-2, Opposing Force (ORFOR) Program
6.TRADOC PAMPHLETS
71-9 Catalog of TASO Training Devices
310-1 Index of Administrative Publications
310-3 TRADOC Army-Wide Training Literature
350-33 Educational Video Tape Catalog
350-54 Catalog of TRADOC Programmed Instructional Material
381-1 Foreign Intelligence Reference Guide (FOUO)
SECTION III. OPFOR TRAINING REFERENCES
Publication Subject
Number
1.FIELD MANUALS
30-102 Opposing Forces: Europe
34-71 OPFOR Training Nodule Korea: North Korean Military Forces
2.MISCELLANEOUS
(a) OPFOR Maneuver Unit Field Pocket Reference, USA FORECOM OPFOR Tng
Det (RED THRUST), January 1984.
(b) OPFOR Maneuver Unit Field Pocket Reference, Tank Unit, USA FORSCOM
OPFOR Trig Det (RED THRUST), August 1984.
(c) OPFOR Maneuver Unit Field Pocket Reference, Motorized Rifle
Unit, USA EORSCOM OPFOR Trig Pet (RED THRUST), April 1985.
(d) Observations at the NTC Reference Handbook, USA FORSCOM OPFOR Tng Det
(RED THRUST), April 1985.
(e) RED THRUST Star, a quarterly newsletter providing OPFOR information,
may be obtained from:
USA FORSCOM OPFOR
Tng Det (RED THRUST)
P.O. Box 5068
Ft Hood, TX 76544-0056
SECTION IV. POTENTIAL ADVERSARY (THREAT) REFERENCES
Publication Subject Number
1.FIELD MANUALS
100-2-1 Soviet Army Operations
100-2-2 Soviet Army Specialized Warfare and Rear Area Support
100-2-3 Soviet Army Troops Organization and Equipment
2.DA PAMPHLETS
550-6-1 USSR: Analytical Survey of Literature, 1971
550-8 Communist Eastern Europe Analytical Survey of Literature, 1977
550-81 Area Handbook of North Korea
550-95 Area Handbook of Soviet Union
3.TRADOC PAMPHLETS
381-1 Foreign Intelligence Reference Guide (FOUO)
4.DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLICATIONS
DDB-1100-164-78 Bibliography of Unclassified Books and Monograps on the Soviet and East European
Ground Forces (Reference)
DDB-1600-5-80 CBR Protection of Soviet Ground Forces
DDB-2200-33-77 Comparative Dictionary of US-Soviet Terms
DIAM 59-4 Defense Intelligence Thesaurus (DIT) (Reference)
DDB-2680-41-78 Handbook of Soviet Armed Forces Military Symbols
DDB-2245-1-82 Index to and Extracts from Voyennaya Mysl' (1963-1969)
Vol. 1 Vol. 1
DDB-2245-1-82 Index to and Extracts from Voyennaya Mysl' (1971-1973)
Vol. II Vol. II
DIAM-57-25-100 Major World Aircraft Recognition Guide (excluding US+USSR) 1982
DIAM-57-25-111 Major Naval Combatants Recognition Guide, 1980
DIAM 57-25-112 Major World Helicopter Recognition Guide, 1980
DDB-2600-1279-78 Polical Control of the Soviet Armed Forces: The Committee of People's Control
DDB-1100-364-82 Review of the Soviet Ground Forces
DDB-2610-29-79 The Role of the Soviet Political Officer
DDB-1160G-514-82 Small-Caliber Ammunition Identification Guide Vol. II
Vol. 2 20mm to 40mm Cartridges
DDB-2610-36-8 The Soviet Conceptual Framework of the Development and Applcation of
Military Power
DDB-1130-8-82 Soviet Front Fire Support
DDI-ll00-128-76 Soviet Ground Forces Night Operations
DDB-11-200-78 The Soviet Ground Forces Training Program
DDB-2610-22-79 The Soviet Ministry of Defense and Military Management
DDB-1100-197-78 The Soviet Motorized Rifle Battalion
DDB-1100-77-76 The Soviet Motorized Rifle Company
DDB-1110-1-79 The Soviet Motorized Rifle Division
DDB-1210-13-82 Soviet Navy Surface Ship Identification Guide
DDB-2240-5-82 Soviet Perceptions of Africa: Case Studies of Moscow's Involvement in the Horn,
East Africa and Zimbabwe
DDB-1120-19-82 The Soviet Tank Division
DDB-1120-12-79 Soviet Tank Regiment Tactics
DIA-2680-170-84 Force Structure Summary-USSR, Mongolia, and East Europe (U)
DDB-1300-153-79 Training Soviet Military Flight Personnel
DDI-2250-17-77 USSR: The Unity and Integration of Soviet Political, Military and Defense
Industry Leadership
DDB-1100-255-80 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces Equipment Identification Guide: Armored
Fighting Vehicles
DDB-1100-313-82 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces Equipment Identification Guide: Artillery,
Rockets, and MIssiles
DDB-1100-382-82 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces Equipment Identification Guide: Engineer Equipment
DDB-1100-385-82 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces Equipment Identification Guide: Helicopters
DDB-1100-314-82 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces Equipment Identification Guide: Infantry Weapons
SECTION V. AUDIOVISUAL (AV) PRODUCTS
Abbreviations used in this section indicate the following types of AV products:
AE Army Europe SL Slides Only
AFIF Armed Forces Information Film SLC Slides and Charts
C Charts, Cards T Transparencies
G Games TC Transparencies and Charts
GTA Graphic Training Aid TF Training Film
MF Miscellaneous Films TF (VT) Television Videotap
TVT Telvision Videotape
1.FILM, VT, Subject
TF (VT) 21-6321 How the Soviets Fight-Capabilities of Soviet Helicopters
COLOR 18 Min 1985
TF 21-6322 How to Fight-Soviet Radio Electronic Combat (U)
COLOR 19 Min 1985
TV (VT) 21-6330 Soviet Command, Control and Communication (U)
COLOR 19 Min 1976
TF (VT) 21-4925 How to Fight: The Tank/Mechanized Infantry Team, Modern Battle Part I
COLOR 24 Min 1976
TF (VT) 21-4993 How To Fight: The BMR, Capability and Countermeasures 1976
COLOR 16 Min 1976
TF 21-4995 How to Fight: The T-62, Capabilities and Countermeasures
COLOR 22 min 1978
TF (VT) 21-4995 How to Fight: The T-62, Capabilities and Countermeasures
COLOR 22 min 1978
TF (VT) 21-6151 How to Fight: The Enemy in Modern Battle
COLOR 23 min 1980
MF 21-5912 A Look Down The Soviet Barrel
COLOR 32 min 1975
MF 21-5912 You Can Beat It
COLOR 21 min 1976
VT 28-80 The National Training Center
COLOR 23 min 1980
VT 30-1 Soviet Military Liaison Mission Briefing
COLOR 19 min 1975
VT 30-2 Warsaw Pact, APC's
COLOR 9 min 1977
VT 30-3 Warsaw Pact, Armies Series, Part II, Tanks
COLOR 15 min 1977
VT 30-4 Performance Characteristics of the T-54 Russian Tank
COLOR 12 min 1973
VT 30-6 Characteristics of the T-62
COLOR 25 min 1976
VT 30-10 Foreign Weapons Display
COLOR 18 min 1976
VT 30-12 Soviet Offensive Operations, CACDA Threat Div
COLOR 30 min 1976
SECTION V. AUDIOVISUAL PRODUCTS (Cont'd)
FILM, VT, CARD, SUBJECT
VT 30-18 The Soviet Threat
B&W 17 min 1977
VT 30-24 Soviet Armed Forces
COLOR 28 min 1977
MF 30-5906 Countersurveillance: Part 1, The Threat (For Official Use Only)
COLOR 14 min 1979
TVT 45-92 Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Wpns, Part I
Vulnerability
COLOR 14 min 1979
TVT 46-93 Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Wpns, Part II
Suppression
COLOR 12 min 1978
TVT 46-112 The High Threat Environment, Part III: Soviet Anti-Aircraft Weapon Systems
COLOR 8 min 1978
TVT 46-113 The High Threat Environment, Part IV: Soviet Threat Aircraft
COLOR 8 min 1978
AFIF (VT) 227 Comrade Soldier
COLOR 41 min 1972
2. GTA
C 17-2-13 Armored Vehicle Recognition
Card 51 Oct 1984
C 30-3-10 Warsaw Treaty Organization
C 30-3-14 Warsaw Pact and NATO Tank Recognition Guide
SLC3O-3-16 Soviet Army and Navy Uniforms, Rank, and Insignia
COLOR 9 Charts May 1973
C 30-3-17 Intelligence Documents for Feild Training
Pocket Cards 1977
C 30-3-19 Warsaw Pact Charts Vulnerable Points
C 30-3-20 Warsaw Pact Tanks, LAW Vulnerable Points
C 30-3-22 Warsaw Pact Tanks, TOW Vulnerable Points
C 30-3 23 Soviet Big 7, Intelligence Chart
C 30-3-24 Comparison of Soviet Medium Tank T-72, T-62
C 30-3-25 Soviet ATGMs (Antitank Guided Missiles)
C 30-4-2 North Korea Communications Equipment
SL 44-1 GOAR-Ground Observer Aircraft Recognition
B&W 1408 Slides 1974
C 44-2-4 Soviet Air Defense Weapons
C 44-2-5 Soviet and Warsaw Pact Forward Area Aircraft
C 44-2-6 Aircraft Recognition Playing Cards
SECTION V. AUDIOVISUAL PRODUCTS (Cont'd)
G 71-2-2 CAMMS, Computer Assisted Map Maneuver System
G 71-2-143 Pegasus Field Observations Booklet
G 71-2-144 Pegasus Field Observations Booklet
3. US ARMY EUROPE GRAPHIC TRAINING AID (GTA)
SUBJECT
AE 30-7 Uniform and Insignia of Admirals and Generals of the Soviet Services
AE 30-8 Soviet Tank Vulnerabilities
AE 30-9 Antitank Weapons
AE 30-11 Field Artillery
AE 30-12 Airborne Assault Guns
AE 30-13 Warsaw Pact Artillery Tractors
AE 30-14 Uniforms and Insignia of the Officers of the Soviet Navy
AE 30-19 Soviet and Soviet Satellite Aircraft Insignia
AE 30-20 Squad Weapons
AE 30-25 Soviet Surface-To-Surface Guided Missiles
AE 30-28 Soviet Army Field Shoulder Boards, Officers and Enlisted Men
AE 30-32 Uniforms and Insignia for Enlisted Sergeants and
Soldiers, Officer Candidates of Military Academies,
"SUVOROV" Cadets and Military Workmen
AE 30-33 Army and Navy Shoulder Boards, Sergeants, Petty
Officers, Enlisted Men, Seamen and Cadets of the
Soviet Army and Navy
AE 30-34 Soviet Hand Grenades
AE 30-036 T-72
AE 30-37 Warsaw Pact Countries: Combat Construction Equipment
AE 30-38 Warsaw Pact Countries: Construction Equipment
AE 30-39 Soviet Amphibious Vehicles
AE 30-44 Uniform and Insignia For Warrant Officers and Service
Women Of The Soviet Army
AE 30-46 Soviet Antitank Missiles
AE 30-51 Soviet Mine Laying And Clearing Equipment
AE 30-59 Soviet CBR
AE 30-60 Know Your Vehicles
AE 30-075 AK-74 Fact Sheet
AE 30-79 Soviet And Satellite Tank And Truck Launched Bridges
AE 30-80 Soviet Tactical Ballistic Missiles
AE 30-81 Soviet Free Rocket Over Ground "FROG"
AE 30-082 BMP OPFOR Fact Sheet
AE 30-83 Soviet Surface-To-Air Missile
AE 30-84 SA-2 Guideline Surface-To-Air Missile
AE 30-85 Soviet Long Range Ballistic Missiles
AE 30-88 Warsaw Pact Countries: Bridge Equipment
AE 30-90 Soviet Company Weapons
AE 30-91 Warsaw Pact Countries: Amphibious Scout Cars
AE 30-92 Warsaw Pact Countries: Tracked APC Infantry Combat Vehicles
AE 30-93 Warsaw Pact Countries: Wheeled APCs
AE 30-094 T-62
AE 30-095 BMP
AE 30-096 T-64
4. Visual Aircraft Recognition Training Package (SQT-8-68)
Consists of lesson plans, student work book, and examination. Used at US
Army Air Defense Artillery School, Ft Bliss, TX, these kits are available
at every ADA unit down to battalion level. They can also be obtained from
most local TASCs.
SECTION VI. TRADOC TRAINING DEVICES FOR ARMY-WIDE USE (TRADOC PAM 71-9)
Device
Number Page Nomenclature
ARMOR (17-Series)
DVC-T 17-81 3-43 T-62 Medium Tank (1/10 scale)
DVC-T 17-82 3-43 BMP Infantry Combat Vehicle (1/10 scale)
DVC-T 17-83 3-43 ZSU-23-4 Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Gun (1/10 Scale)
DVC-T 17-84 3-43 122MM Self-Propelled Artillery (l/l0 Scale)
DVC 17-98 3-49 Dunn Kempf Battle Simulation Game
DVC 17-102 3-53 Armor Vehicle Models (1/35th Scale)
GENERAL (20-Series)
DVC-D 20-31 3-59 Threat Quiz Gaming Device
OPPOSING FORCE (30-Series)
DVC-T 30-4 3-77 Suitcase SAGGER
DVC-T 30-5 3-79 RPG-7 Antitank Grenade Launcher with Round
DVC-T 30-6 3-81 AK-47 Assault Rifle
DVC-T 30-7 3-81 RPK Squad Machine Gun
DVC-T 30-9 3-83 POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine
DVC-T 30-10 3-83 RG-42 Antipersonnel Mine
DVC-T 30-11 3-83 RGD-5 Antipersonnel Grenade
DVC-T 30-12 3-83 RKG-3 Antitank Grenade
DVC-T 30-13 3-85 Opposing Force Helmet Cover
DVC-T 30-14 3-87 SA-7 (GRAIL)
DVC-T 30-16 3-89 Opposing Force Uniform for Armywide Use
DVC-T 30-19 3-93 Accoutrements Kit
DVC-T 30-20 3-97 Visual Modification Kits (VISMOD)
SECTION VII. PERIODICALS
Air Defense: by US Army Air Defense School, order through Superintendent
of Documents, US Government Printing Office (SSDM), Washington, DC 20402,
AV: 978-4138. Quarterly publication providing information on the latest
worldwide tactical, doctrinal, and technical developments in air defense.
$8.50 as of August 85.
Air Force: by Air Force Association, Suite 400, 1750 Pennsylvania
Aye, N.W., Washington, DC 20006, (202) 637-3300. Monthly publication providing
information on Air Force tactics, weapons, strategy, and other Air Force
related areas. $15 as of Aug 85.
Armed Forces Journal: by Army & Navy Journal Inc., 1414 22nd
St N.W., Suite 104, Washington, DC 20037, (202) 296-0450. Monthly publication
devoted to strategy, weapons, politics, and economics affecting armed forces
internationally. $l9 as of Aug 85.
Armor: by US Army Armor School, US Armor Association, P.O. Box 607,
Fort Knox, KY 40121, (502) 942-8624. Bimonthly publication devoted to disseminating
knowledge of the military arts and sciences with special attention to mobility
in ground warfare. $16 as of Aug 85.
Army: by Association of the US Army, 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington,
VA 22201-3385. Monthly
professional journal devoted to the advancement of the military arts and
sciences and representing
the interests of the US Army. $16 as off Aug 85.
Army Reserve: Chief, Army Reserve, ATTN: DAAR-PA, Washington, DC
20310. Published quarterly
covering events, actions and information related to the Army Reserve. (No
price quoted).
Army Times: by Army Times Publishing Co., Springfield, VA 22159,
(703) 750-8600 Weekly publication, covering weekly update of current events,
policies, data, weapons, weapon systems related to the Army. $39.00 as of
Aug 85.
Army Trainer: by Department of the Army (TRADOC), P.O. Drawer A,
Fort Eustis, VA 23604-0309, (804) 878-5475/5893. Quarterly publication providing
timely information on training plans, policies and developments; exchanges
knowledge and experiences among active and reserve component, as well as
DA civilian trainers. S13.50 as of Aug 85.
Aviation Digest: by US Army Aviation Center, Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Quarterly publication
providing information on the latest tactical, doctrinal, and technical developments
in aviation world wide. $26 as of Aug 85.
Aviation Week and Space Technology: by McGraw-Hill, Inc., P.O. Box
1505, Neptune, NJ 07753. Weekly publication dedicated to aviation, air transportation,
aerospace, advanced and related technologies. $48 as of Aug 85.
Defense: by Whitton Press Limited; order through Expeditors of Printed
Word LTD., 527 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022. Monthly journal devoted
to defense strategy, defense equipment and the politics and economics of
the international defense scene. $60 as of Aug 85.
Defense 85: by DOD; order through Superintendent of Documents, Washington,
DC 20402 (602) 538-3033, AV: 879-3033. Monthly publication providing official
and professional information to commanders and key personnel on matters
related to defense policies, programs, and interests.
Infantry: by US Army Infantry School, P.O. Box 2005, Fort Benning,
GA 31905-0605, (404) 544-4951, AV: 784-4951. Bimonthly publication providing
current information on infantry weapons, equipment, tactics, and techniques,
also includes relevant historical articles. $10 as of Aug 85.
International Defense Review: by Interavia S.A., c/o Publications
Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Ave.,
Elmont, NY 11003, (516) 352-7300. Monthly publication devoted to weapons
systems on
the international scene. $80 as of Aug 85.
SECTION VII. PERIODICALS (Cont'd)
Military Intelligence: by US Army Intelligence Center and School;
order through Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402. (6021 538-3033, AV: 879-3033. Quarterly publication
devoted to suojects on military intelligence, and other related areas. $9.50
as of Aug 85.
Military Review: by US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort
Leavenworth, KS 66027-6910, (913) 684-5642, AV: 552-5642. Monthly Army professional
journal devoted to tactics, doctrine, strategy, and military related topics.
$14 as of Aug 85.
National Defense: by American Defense Preparedness Assn., Suite
900, 1700 N. Moore St., Arlington, VA 22209-1974.
Published two times a year; provides insights and information on defense
strategy, logistics, politics, and economics on the national and international
scene. $25 as of Aug 85.
Naval Forces: by Monch (UK) LTD., 1309 Vincent Place, McLean, VA
22101, (703) 790-5252. Published six times a year; dedicated to naval strategy,
naval weapons and equipment and politics on the international defense scene.
$22 as of Aug 85.
Newsweek: by Newsweek Inc., The Newsweek Bldg., Livingston, NJ 07039.
Weekly world update of current events. $39 as of Aug 85.
Problems of Communism: by US Information Agency, For Subscription:
Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20402. Bimonthly publication providing analyses and significant information
about the contemporary affairs of the Soviet Union, China, and comparable
states and political movements. $16 as of Aug 85.
Soviet Life: by the Embassy of the USSR, Washington, DC 20009. Monthly
Soviet publication providing views of the Soviet Union and its people. $9.35
as of Aug 85.
Soviet Military Review: by USSR; order through Kamkin, Inc., 12224
Park Lawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852. Soviet monthly translation of articles
on military activities. $24 as of Aug 85.
Soviet Press: by Directorate of Soviet Affairs, US Air Force Intelligence
Service, AFIS/INCE, Balling AED, Washington, DC 20332-5000, AV: 297-4118/4150.
Monthly publication of selected translations in the areas of military affairs,
aerospace matters, and other subjects of special interest.
Strategic Review: by US Strategic Institute, 20 Memorial Dr., Cambridge,
MA 02142. (617) 661-1240. Quarterly publication presenting papers of professional
merit on matters of current significance in the politico-military field.
$15 as of Aug 85.
U.S. News & World Report: by U.S. News & World, Inc., 9465
Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90212-2646. Published weekly, except two
issues combined at year-end; devoted entirely to national and international
affairs. $41 as of Aug 85.
Jane's Defense Weekly: Janes Publishing, Inc, 4th Floor, 115 5th
Aye, New York, NY 10003, (212) 254-9097. $65 a year.
SECTION VIII. PUBLICATIONS
1. Commercial Publications
Antitank Warfare, MG G. Biryukor and COL G. Melnikov, Progress Publishers,
Moscow, 1972 (English)
Tne Armed Forces of the USSR, Harriet and William Fast Scott, Westfield
Press, Boulder, CD, 1979
The Armies of the Warsaw Pact Nations, Friedrich Weiner, Carl Ueberruier,
Vienna, 1981
Artillery of the World, Christopher Foss, Scribner, New York 1976
The Battle for Moscow, Albert Seaton, Playboy Press, New York, 1980
Brassey's Artillery of the World, Brigadier Shelford Bidwell, Pergamon
Press Inc., Elmstead, New York, 1981
Guide to the Soviet Navy, 3rd Edition Norman Polmar, Naval Institute
Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1983
Illustrated Guide to the Modern Soviet Air Force, Bill Gunston,
Arco Publishing Inc., New York, 1982
Illustrated Guide to the Modern Soviet Navy, John Jordan, Arco Publishing
Inc., New York, 1982
Imbalance of Power (Shifting U.S.-Soviet Military Strength), John
N. Collins, Presidio Press, San Rafael, California, 1978
Inside the KGB, Alekse Myagkov, New York, Ballantine Books, 1976
Inside the Soviet Army, Viktor Surorov, Macmillan Publishing Co.
Inc., New York, 1982
International Defense Review: (Air Defense Systems), Interavia S.A.,
J. Philip Geddes, Los Angeles, California, 1982
International Defense Review: (Anti-Tank Weapons), Interavia S.A.,
J. Philip Geddes, Los Angeles, California, 1982
International Defense Review: (Soviet Armed Forces and Their Equipment),
Interavia S.A., J. Philip Geddes, Los Angeles, California, 1982
International Defense Review: (Tracked Armored Vehicles), Interavia
S.A., J. Philip Geddes, Los Angeles, California, 1982
Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft, John W.R. Taylor, Editor, Janes
Publishing Co. Ltd., London, 1982
Jane's Military Vehicles and Ground Support Equipment 1985, 6th
Edition, Edited by Christopher F. Foss and Jerry J. Grandbe.
Jane's Weapon Systems 85-86, 16th Edition, Edited by Ronald T. Pretty.
Jane's Armour and Artillery 85-86, 6th Edition, Edited by Christopher
F. Foss
Jane's Fighting Ships 85-86, 88th Year of Issue, Edited by Cpt John
Moore, RN.
Jane's Infantry Weapons 85-86, 11th Edition, Edited by Ian V. Hogg.
Soviet Air Power, Bill Sweetman and Bill Gunston, Crescent Books,
New York, 1979
Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, David C. Isby, Jane's, New
York, 1981
SECTION VIII. PUBLICATIONS (Cont'd)
Soviet Military Power, (Fourth Edition), Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1985
2. U.S. Government Printing Office Publications
Soviet Military Thought: A Soviet View translated and published
under the auspices of the USAF. The below list represents the series which
have been published to date. Obtained from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S., Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Volume 1. The Offensive, 008-070-00329-5
Volume 2. Marxism-Leninism on War and Army, 008-070-00338-4
Volume 3. Scientific-Technical Progress and the Revolution in Military
Affairs, 008-070-00340-6
Volume 4. The Basic Principles of Operational Art Tactics, 008-070-00342-2
Volume 5. The Philosophical Heritage of V. I. Lenin and Problems of
Contemporary War, 008-070-00343-1
Volume 6. Concept, Algorithm Decision, 008-070-00344-9
Volume 7. Military Pedagogy, 008-070-00352-0
Volume 8. Military Psychology, 008-070-00353-8
Volume 9. Dictionary of Basic Military Terms, 008-070-00360-1
Volume 10. Civil Defense, 008-070-00382-1
Volume 11. Selected Soviet Military Writings 1970-1975, 008-070-00392-9
Volume 12. The Armed Forces of the Soviet State, 008-070-00379-1
Volume 13. The Officers Handbook, 008-070-00396-1
Volume 14. The People, The Army, The Commander, 008-070-004101
Volume 15. Long-Range Missile-Equipped, 008-070-00428-3
Volume 16. Forcasting in Military Affairs, 008-070-00456-9
Volume 17. The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great
Patriotic War, 1944-1949, 008-070-00490-9
Volume 18. Fundamentals of Tactical Command and Control, 008-070-00514-0
Volume 19. The Soviet Armed Forces: A History of Their Organizational
Development, 008-070-00524-7
Studies in Communist Affairs This series places in the public domain
Department of Defense-sponsored unclassified analyses of contemporary communist
affairs. Order from the U.S. Government Printing Office.
1. The Soviet Theater Nuclear Offensive, 0080-070-00375-9
2. Naval Power in Soviet Policy, 008-070-00421-6
3. Soviet Air Power and the Pursuit of New Military Options, 008-070-00429-1
4. Soviet Policy in the Post-Tito Balkans, 008-070-00440-2
5a. Selected Readings from Military Thought, 1963-1973, (Part I), 008-070-00471-2
5b. Selected Readings From Military Thought, 1963-1973, (Part II), 008-070-00480-1
SECTION IX. SERVICE SCHOOLS POINTS OF CONTACT
A number of useful training references can be obtained from the service
schools. Each school normally publishes a catalog of their respective reference
materials. To order, submit DA Form 17 to:
SCHOOL ADDRESS AUTOVON COMMERCIAL
Commander 298-3285 (301) 278-3285
US Army Ordnance Center and School
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
Commandant 354-3008/ (703) 664-3008
US Army Engineer School 2536/ TOLL 800-336-3095
ATTN: ATZA-TD-NR 5478/
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
Commandant 699-4602 (317) 542-1832
US Army Soldier Support Center 4588
ATTN: ATSG-DT-E
Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN 46249
Commandant 835-1823 (404) 545-1823
US Army Infantry School
ATTN: ATSH-SE-TSD
Fort Benning, GA 31905
Commandant 978-2732 (915) 568-2732
US Army Air Defense Center & Ft Bliss
Directorate of Training Developments
ATTN: ATSA-DT
Fort Bliss, TX 79916
Commandant 978-8795 (915) 568-8795
US Army Sergeants Major Academy
ATTN: ATSS-N
Fort Bliss, TX 79918
Commandant 236-4404 (919) 396-4404
US Army Institute of Military
Assistance, HQ USA JF Kennedy
(Special Warfare Center)
ATTN: ATSU-C
Fort Bragg, NC 28307
Commandant 927-5503 (804) 878-5503
US Army Transportation School
ATTN: ATSTP-DC
Fort Eustis, VA 23604
Commandant 471-4325 (512) 221-4325
Academy of Health Sciences
ATTN: HSHA-ZA
Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6100
Commandant 639-5903 (405) 351-5903
US Army Field Artillery School
ATTN: ATSF-DR
Fort Sill, OK 73503-5000
Commandant 780-3980 (404) 791-3980
US Army Signal School
ATTN: ATZH-RCT
Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5053
Commandant 464-2251/3648 (502) 624-5353
UA Army Armor School
ATTN: ATSB-CD-SD
Ft Knox, KY 40121-5215
SECTION IX. SERVICE SCHOOLS POINTS OF CONTACT (Cont'd)
Commandant 552-4484 (913) 684-4484
US Army Command and General
Staff College
ATTN: ATZL-SWFD
Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027
Commandant 687-3275/ (804) 734-3275
Army Logistics Management Center 3275/3430
ATTN: AMXMC-ET-C
Fort Lee, VA 23801
Commandant 687-3561 (804) 734-3561
US Army Quartermaster School
ATTN: ATSM-DTO-ET
Fort Lee, VA 23801-5036
Commandant 865-4334 (205) 238-4334
US Army Military Police School
ATTN: ATZN-MP
Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5000
Commandant 746-3349 (205) 876-3349
US Army Ordinance Missile and
Munitions Center and School
ATTN: ATSK-CMT
Redstone Arsenal, AL 35897-6000
Commandant 558-3283 (205) 255-3283
US Army Aviation School Office of
School Secretary Training Spt Div
ATTN: ATZQ-SB-TS
Fort Rucker, AL 36360
SECTION X. TASC LOCATIONS AND ADDRESSES
The following information should be helpful in understanding the Armys
method of providing training material support to units:
-The Army uses consolidated training support entities called Training
and Audiovisual Support Centers (normally abbreviated to TASCs) located
on larger installations to store and issue or loan training materials
to user units within their geographic area of support responsibility.
-The TASCs are an organizational part of and directly responsible to
the installation commander, normally under the training/operations officers
staff supervision. TASCs prepare all drawings and projection slides for
command briefings and training. Frequently, they design and locally fabricate
training "devices" to aid training on ranges, in unit classrooms, etc.
-The TASCs maintain an informal, professional rapport with each other
but they are not collected under an umbrella training support command.
They exchange designs, ideas, and, in certain instances, produce aids
for their counterparts on a reimbursable basis.
-TASCs support Active, Reserve and National Guard units.
TASC ADDRESSES:
FIRST ARMY AREA
Aberdeen Proving Ground
Commander
USAOC & S
ATTN: ATSL-DD-TS AV: 283-3469/3058
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 (C) (703) 278-3058/3469
Fort Belvoir
Commander
USAEC & Ft Belvoir
ATTN: TASC Bldg 223 AV: 354-4487/2278
Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 (C) (703) 664-4487/3378
Fort Benning
Commander
USAIC & Ft Benning
ATTN: ATZB-DPT-TASC AV: 835-7775/4192
Ft Benning, GA 31905 (C) (404) 545-7775/4162
Fort Bragg
Commander
XVIII Abn Corps & Ft Bragg
ATTN: AFZA-DPT-TASC AV: 236-2002/8319
Ft Bragg, NC 28307-5000 (C) (919) 396-6402
Fort Campbell
Commander
101st Abn Div & Ft Campbell FTS 356-7251/7252
ATTN: AFZB-DPT-TASC AV: 635-7251
Bldg 849 (C) (502) 798-7251-7252
Ft Campbell, KY 42223-1295
Fort Devens
Commander
Fort Devens FTS 796-3104/3015
ATTN: AFZD-ITSV AV: 256-3104/3015
Ft Devens, MA 01433-5290 (C) (617) 796-3104/3015
SECTION X. TASC LOCATIONS AND ADDRESSES (Cont'd)
Fort Dix
Commander
USATC & Ft Dix AV: 944-5464/6153/5045/4041
ATTN: ATZD-GCB (C) (609) 562-5464/6153/5045/4041
Ft Dix, NJ 08640-5320
Fort Drum
Commander
Fort Drum FTS 953-2913
ATTN: AFZS-PTS-TA AV: 341-2913
Ft Drum, NY 13602 (C) (315) 785-2913
Fort Eustis
Commander
USALAO & Ft Eustis
Bldg 1608 AV: 927-2206/5784
ATTN: AMXLA-EU (C) (804) 878-2206/5707
Ft Eustis, VA 23604-5535
Fort Gordon
Commander
USASC & FG Ft Gordon
ATTN: ATSN-DS-T AV: 780-3341/6220
Ft Gordon, GA 30905-5156 (C) (404) 791-3341/6220/6372/4728
Fort Hamilton
Commander
Fort Hamilton
ATTN: ATZD-SH-TA AV: 232-4609
Brooklyn, NY 11252 (C) (212) 630-4609
Indiantown Gap
Commander
United States Army Garrison
ATTN: AFZQ-PTS-T AV: 235-2611
Ft Indiantown Gap (C) (717) 273-2611
Annville, PA 17003-5011
Fort Jackson
Commander
USATC & Ft Jackson
ATTN: ATZJ-PTSA AV: 734-4619/6014
Ft Jackson, SC 29207-5340 (C) (803) 751-4619
Fort Lee
Commander
USAQMC & Ft Lee
Bldg 11619
ATTN: ATZM-PTS-S AV: 687-4962/1097
Ft Lee, VA 23801 (C) (804) 734-4962/1097
Fort Meade
Commander
Ft George G. Meade
ATTN:AFZI-PTS-TA AV: 923-5756-5504
Ft Meade, MD 20755-5091 (C) (301) 677-5756/5504
SECTION X. TASC LOCATIONS AND ADDRESSES (Cont'd)
Fort McClellan
Commander
USA MP/TC & Ft McClellan
ATTN: ATZN-PTS-D AV: 865-5627/4298
Ft McClellan, AL 36205 (C) (205) 238-5627/4298
Fort Mcpherson
Commander
Ft McPherson FTS 752-2213
ATTN: AFZK-DPTS-TASC AV: 588-2213
Ft McPherson, GA 30330 (C) (404) 752-2213
Fort Monroe
Commander
Ft Monroe
ATTN: ATZG-PTS-TASO AV: 680-2262/2263
Ft Monroe, VA 23651 (C) (804) 727-2262/2263
Oakdale
Training & Audiovisual Spt Ctr
US Army Support Element FTS 777-1276
ATTN: AFZQ-PTS-T-OS AV: 277-1276
Oakdale, PA 15071 (C) (412) 777-1276
Redstone Arsenal
Commander
USAMICOM
ATTN: ASMI-RA-L-AV AV: 746-1820/1390
Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 (C) (205) 876-2855
Fort Rocker
Commander
USAAVNC & S
ATTN: ATZQ-PT-TA AV: 558-2116/2620
Ft Rocker, AL 36360 (C) (205) 255-2116/2620
Fort Stewart
Commander
24th Inf Div & Ft Stewart FTS 767-4905/7828
ATTN: AFZP-PTA AV: 870-4905/7828
Ft Stewart, GA 31314-5000 (C) (912) 767-4905/7828
FIFTH ARMY AREA
Fort Benjamin Harrison
Commander
USA Finance & Accounting Center FTS 335-2389
ATTN: FICU-OA AV: 699-2389
Indianapolis, IN 46249 (C) (317) 542-2383/2389
Fort Chaffee
Commander
US Army Garrison
ATTN: ATZR-Z AV: 962-7282/2082
Ft Chaffee, AR 72901 (C) (501) 484-2082/7282
Fort Hood
Commander
III Corps & Ft Hood FTS 685-5004
ATTN: AFZP-DPT-ST AV: 737-5004/5605
Ft Hood, TX 76544 (C) (817) 685-5004/5605
SECTION X. TASC LOCATIONS AND ADDRESSES (Cont'd)
Fort Knox
Commander
USAARMC & Ft Knox
ATTN: ATZK-DPT-TASC AV: 464-6946/2741
Ft Knox, KY 40121-5000 (C) (502) 624-6946/2741
Fort Leavenworth
Commander
USACAC & Ft Leavenworth
ATTN: ATZL-PTS-TA AV: 552-3782
Ft Leavenworth, KS 66027 (C) (703) 684-3782
Fort Leonard Wood
Commander
USATC Eng & Ft Leonard Wood
ATTN: ATZT-PTS-S AV: 581-4245/6716
Ft Leonard Wood, MO 65473-5000 (C) (314) 368-4245/6716
Fort McCoy
Commander
Ft McCoy
ATTN: AEZR-PTA AV: 280-2717/2704
Sparta, WI 54656 (C) (608) 388-2717/2704
Fort Sam Houston
Commander
Ft Sam Houston FTS 746-2121/3026
ATTN: AEZG-PTS-T AV: 459-3026
Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 (C) (512) 221-3026
Fort Sill
Commander
USAFAC & Ft Sill
ATTN: ATZR-TS AV: 639-4702/5222
Ft Sill, OK 73503-5100 (C) (405) 351-4702/5222
Fort Sheridan
Commander
Ft Sheridan FTS 926-2002/3667
ATTN: AFZO-PTS-AV AV: 459-2002/3667
Ft Sheridan, IL 60037 (C) (312) 926-2002/3667
SIXTH ARMY AREA
Fort Carson
Commander
4th Inf Div (M) & Ft Carson FTS 303-579-2135
ATTN: AFZC-DI-A AV: 691-2135
Ft Carson, CD 80913 (C) (303) 579-2135
Fort Douglas
Commander
US Army Support Detachment FTS 801-582
ATTN: AFZC-SL-AV AV: 924-4142
Ft Douglas, UT 84113 (C) (801) 524-4142
Fort Huachuca
Commander
USAINTCEN & School
ATTN: ATSI-TD-TSA AV: 879-2435/2358
Ft Huachuca, AZ 85613 (C) (913) 684-2435/2358
SECTION X. TASC LOCATIONS AND ADDRESSES (Cont'd)
Fort Irwin
Commander
National Training Center FTS (714) 386-3881
ATTN: AFZJ-TS-C AV: 470-3881/3882/3883/4360
Ft Irwin, CA 92311-5000 (C) (714) 386-3881
Fort Lewis
Commander
I Corps & Ft Lewis FTS 357-7916
ATTN: AFZH-DPT-TB AV: 357-7916/7905
Ft Lewis, WA 98433 (C) (206) 967-7916/7919
Los Alamitos
Commander
USA Spt Det USAR Center FTS 596-8261
ATTN: AFZW-ASD-TA AV: 972-8261
Los Alamitos, CA 90720 (C) (213) 596-8261
Fort Ord
Commander
7th Inf Div (Lt) & Ft Ord FTS 242-2710
ATTN: AFZW-DFT-V AV: 929-2710/3279
Ft Ord, CA 93941-5111 (C) (408) 242-2710/3279
Presidio of San Francisco
Commander
Presidio of San Francisco FTS 541-3996
ATTN: AFZM-PTS-S AV: 586-3996/2108
Presidio of San Francisco, CA 94129 (C) (415) 561-3996/2108
Fort Riley
Commander
1st Inf Div (M) & Ft Riley FTS 239-3477
ATTN: AFZN-CE-T AV: 856-3921
Ft Riley, KS 66442 (C) (913) 239-3921
TASCS OUTSIDE CONUS
Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico
Commander
US Army Garrison
Training & AV Support Center
ATTN: AFZR-B-PTS-T AV: 894-2113
Ft Buchanan, PR 00934 (C) (809) 783-2113
Fort Clayton (Panama)
Commander
193d Inf Bde
ATTN: AFZU-DPT-TA
Ft Clayton, APO Miami 34004 (overseas) 87-5709
Fort Richardson
Commander
172d Inf Bde FTS 907-862
ATTN: AFTZ-PTS-TA AV: 317-862-1118
Ft Richardson, AK 99505
SECTION XI. OTHER SOURCES
Rand Corporation A bibliography (SB-1033 USSR) can be obained from the Rand Corp.
Write to:
(213) 393-0411 Publications Department
The Rand Corporation
1700 Main Street
Santa Monica, CA 90406
The Brookings Institution Numerous studies pertaining to political, strategic matters on
foreign countries can be obtained through the Brookings
Institution. Write to:
(202) 797-6000 The Brookings Institution
1775 Massachussetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
Victor Kamkin Bookstore An assortment of hardback and paperback books which have been
translated from Russian are available through the Victor Kamkin
Bookstore. Subjects include economics, history, political
science, etc. Write to:
(301) 881-5973 Victor Kamkin, Inc.
12224 Parklawn Drive
Rockville, MD 20852
American Enterprise A good source for reference materials on foreign countries.
Write to:
(202) 862-5800 American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research
1150 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
Defense Documentation The DDC can provide various Rand papers, memos, and other
Center (DDC) reference materials. Instructions and the forms necessary for
establishing service can be obtained by wrting:
(202) 274-6864 Defense Technical Info Center
Cameron Station
Alexandria, VA 22314
SECTION XII. SIMULATION SYSTEMS
1. Simulations provide commanders and staffs high quality and cost effective
training alternatives when resource constraints preclude traditional field
training. The Combined Arms Center has proponency for designing and developing
a variety of simulations for all maneuver echelons. Simulations assigned
a GTA number are available through local TASCs. Utilization of computer
assisted simulations requires coordination with the Combined Arms Center.
Refer to USA Training Support Center Bulletin No. 82-1 (April 82) for additional
details. Following is a brief description of available simulations:
a. PEGASUS (GTA 71-2-1) is a manual system designed to exercise brigade
and/or battalion commanders and their staffs in the control and coordination
of combined arms operations. The system can be used by a single battalion
command group or for simultaneous execution by up to three battalion command
groups and a brigade command group.
b. FIRST BATTLE (GTA 71-2-3) is a manual system designed to provide division
command groups with the opportunity to control and coordinate combined
arms operations in a simulated tactical environment against an appropriate
opposing force. It may be used as a vehicle for training division command
groups/staffs to attain and sustain ARTEP standards.
c. WAR EAGLE is a manual corps level application of the "FIRST BATTLE"
low resolution simulation system now in use with all US Active and Reserve
divisions. Essentially, FIRST BATTLE systems are used simultaneously to
provide battle information to the division tactical operations centers
and ultimately to the corps TOC.
d. CATTS (Combined Arms Tactical Training) is a computer-driven battle
simulation system which trains mechanized, light infantry, armor, and
cavalry squadron commanders and staffs in the control and coordination
of combined arms operations.
e. CAMMS (Computer Assisted Map Maneuver Simulation) (GTA 71-2-2) is
designed to exercise commanders and staffs at brigade and battalion level.
CAMMS is capable of accomodating an exercise consisting of all infantry,
armor, armored cavalry regiments with normal combat support (CS) and combat
service support (CSS) elements in a nonnuclear environment against an
appropriate enemy force.
f. ADMIN LOG (GTA 101-2-1), in conjumction with PEGASUS, CAMMS, CATTS,
and FIRST BATTLE, is designed to enhance the training of battalion and
brigade S1 and company level personnel by simulating the demands to manage
personnel imposed on the S1 in combat.
SECTION XII. SIMULATION SYSTEMS (Cont'd)
g. LOG MOD (GTA 101-1-1) is designed as a stand alone package which can
be played by a maneuver battalion S4, support platoon, and company personnel.
It can be used at battalion and brigade levels in conjunction with battle
simulations, CPX, FTX, and other such exercises. It can also be used as
a game in itself or as an operational aid.
h. ARTBASS is a product improvement of the highly successful CATTS. ARTBASS
trains the battalion command through the use of a van-portable, computer-driven,
two-sided, free-play, real time battle simulation. ARTBASS will improve
upon the battalion command group training methodology currently embodied
in CATTS as well as allowing for on-station repetitive training sessions.
System is currently being fielded.
i. BLOCKBUSTER is a battle simulation designed to teach company level
leaders to plan and execute Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOLT)
while using supporting artillery, attacking helicopters, close air support,
air defense artillery, and engineers.
j. CAMMS II (Under Development) is a computer assisted game designed
to exercise battalion, brigade, and division commanders and their staffs
in the control and coordination of combined arms operations. CAMMS II,
as a CPX driver, is a follow-on to CAMMS using experience gained and lessons
learned from CAMMS, FIRST BATTLE, and other training simulations fielded
by CATRADA.
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